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Kronecker's theorem on diophantine approximation : ウィキペディア英語版
Kronecker's theorem

In mathematics, Kronecker's theorem is a theorem about diophantine approximation, introduced by .
Kronecker's approximation theorem had been firstly proved by L. Kronecker in the end of the 19th century. It has been now revealed to relate to the idea of n-torus and Mahler measure since the later half of the 20th century. In terms of physical systems, it has the consequence that planets in circular orbits moving uniformly around a star will, over time, assume all alignments, unless there is an exact dependency between their orbital periods.
== Statement ==
Kronecker's theorem is a result in diophantine approximations applying to several real numbers ''xi'', for 1 ≤ ''i'' ≤ ''n'', that generalises Dirichlet's approximation theorem to multiple variables.
The classical Kronecker's approximation theorem is formulated as follows; Given real numbers \alpha_i=(\alpha_,\cdots,\alpha_)\in\mathbb^n, i=1,\cdots,m and \beta_j=(\beta_1,\cdots,\beta_n)\in \mathbb^n , for any small \epsilon>0 there exist integers p_i and q_j such that
:\biggl| \sum^m_q_i\alpha_-p_j-\beta_j\biggr|<\epsilon,\ \ \ \ 1\le j\le n ,
if and only if for any r_1,\dots,r_n\in\mathbb,\ i=1,\dots,m with
:\sum^n_\alpha_r_j\in\mathbb, \ \ i=1,\dots,m\ ,
the number \sum^n_\beta_jr_j is also an integer.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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